Foundations and Building Blocks
How devices connect, message and find each other.
Start here · Essential guide
A plain-language walk through the stack that carries a sensor reading from radio signal to application message, so you can place any IoT technology in context.
How Bluetooth Low Energy gives small gadgets a short-range, low-power link to phones: advertising, pairing, connections and the trade-offs to expect.
How connected devices use mobile networks: SIM-based identity, the main kinds of cellular IoT links, and the trade-offs in cost, coverage, power and longevity.
What an IoT gateway does: translating protocols, filtering and buffering data, and acting as a local security boundary between sensors and the wider internet.
Why address space matters when every sensor wants a network identity: how IPv4 runs short, what IPv6 changes, and how small devices cope with it.
How long-range, low-data-rate radio links serve remote meters and field sensors, what they trade away for range and battery life, and where they fit.
How mesh networks let devices relay each other's messages to extend coverage, how routing differs from flooding, and what can go wrong in practice.
How the broker-based publish and subscribe pattern lets devices exchange messages without knowing each other: topics, delivery guarantees and trade-offs.
Why devices from different makers often fail to work together: mismatched layers, private data formats, cloud dependence and what helps in practice.
What home and office Wi-Fi does well for connected devices, and why it can strain batteries, crowded networks and routers as the device count grows.
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